In the 1995 ebola outbreak in kikwit, late transmission of disease was not detected in followup of contacts of several survivors. The outbreak, first declared in march 2014 in guinea and traced back to the end of 20 baize et al. One of the deadliest of epidemic viral diseases, ebola virus disease evd has, since its 1976. Since the first report of evd in march 2014, the number of cases has increased rapidly, with the fatality rate of 50%. The outbreak started in guinea and rapidly spread to liberia and sierra leone, claiming. Fievre hemorra gique a virus ebola fiche technique. The first cases of ebola virus infection were reported in zaire now known as the democratic republic of the congo in 1976. In this study will be presented epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease including new findings resulting from the studies linked with 2014 ebola outbreak in west africa. The evd epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical characterization will be discussed in this study. The outbreak is the first in west africa and has caused an unprecedented number of cases and deaths. The most prevalent ebola virus belongs to the species of zaire ebolavirus, with a fatality rate as high as 90%. Epidemiology of epidemic ebola virus disease in conakry.
The current ebola outbreak in west africa is unprecedented in magnitude and duration and, as of november 30, 2014, shows no signs of abating. His temperature was taken in both airports and did not indicate a fever. On march 2014 the who notified the outbreak of ebola virus disease evd in guinea, and infection quickly spread to another west african countries including sierra leone, liberia and nigeria. Between 1976 and 20 there had been 24 outbreaks of the disease.
Ebola disease ebola disease is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. Ebola virus disease evd, also known as ebola hemorrhagic fever ehf, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebola viruses. For the first time, cases of ebola virus disease have been diagnosed in the us, originating from patients who traveled during the incubation period. Over the past 40 years, sporadic ebola virus disease evd outbreaks have occurred mostly in the central african region. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of. Ebola virus disease pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management abstract.
There were 318 cases and 280 deaths, an 88% case fatality rate. There are five ebola subspecies, four of which are known to cause the disease. Epidemiology of ebola virus disease transmission among health. The virus causing this outbreak, the zaire ebolavirus ebov, belongs to the genus ebolavirus which together with the genus marburgvirus forms the family of the filoviridae. Since then, outbreaks have occurred sporadically in africa.
Ebola is an enveloped virus and is susceptible to hospitalgrade disinfectants but may. Although there were cases introduced into other continents, africa is the. In 2014, ebola virus disease evd in west africa was first reported during march in 3 southeastern prefectures in guinea. Sep 09, 2014 withdrawn ebola virus disease epidemiological update. Evaluat ion of t he ret urned traveler for ebola at ht t p. Withdrawn ebola virus disease epidemiological update. Agent factors agent ebola virus contain singlestrand, noninfectious rna genomes. Achieving control of ebola, which has been done successfully in other cdc continues on page 2 ebola virus because it has the largest number of cases and deaths, is taking place in the largest geographical area and this is near other areas at risk of further spread, it has demonstrated its ability to spread via air travel, and.
Epidemiology of ebola virus disease transmission among. Ebola virus disease, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment. Ebola is a highly lethal virus, which has caused at least 14 confirmed outbreaks in africa between 1976 and 2006. Ebola is also known as ebola virus disease evd or ebola hemorrhagic fever ehf.
The average ebola case fatality rate is around 50%. Ebola virus disease ebola virus disease evd is a rare and deadly disease most commonly affecting people and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas, chimpanzees. Compared to the peak of the outbreak, the number of new cases per day has decreased by 92. Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever outbreaks 1976 first major outbreak zebov 1976 sudan sebov occur sporadically. Ebola virus is the cause of a viral hemorrhagic fever disease. There is a critical need to define more precisely the pathways of ebola infection among. Ebola virus disease evd in west africa was first reported during early march 2014 in guineas 3 southeastern prefectures gueckedou, macenta, and kissidougou, which border liberia and sierra leone. In march 2014, an outbreak of evd was recognized in guinea which would become the most significant outbreak of haemorrhagic fever in africa to date. Ebola haemorrhagic fever ehf is a febrile haemorrhagic illness of which there are four distinct subtypes. We describe the epidemiology of evd cases reported in guineas capital, conakry, and 4 surrounding prefectures coyah, dubreka, forecariah, and kindia, encompassing a full year of the epidemic. Ebola haemorrhagic fever, by household with individual inhabitants, yamolembia, zaire, september october 18, 1976 epidemic disease in the village of yamolembia i.
May 26, 2015 the unprecedented scale of the ebola outbreak in west africa has, as of 29 april 2015, resulted in more than 10,884 deaths among 26,277 cases. Ebola virus infection epidemiology bmj best practice. The disease was first identified in 1976 during two simultaneous outbreaks in subsaharan africa, one in nzara and the other in yambuku, a village near the ebola river, from which the disease takes its name. The number of potential cases ranges from thousands to millions with mortality rate up to 74% 2. Aug 23, 2018 ebola hemorrhagic fever is considered a classic zoonotic disease with persistence of the ebola virus in a reservoir species. Using data from two epidemics in democratic republic of congo drc in 1995 and in uganda in 2000, we built a mathematical model for the spread of ebola haemorrhagic fever epidemics taking into account transmission in different epidemiological settings. A total of 11,296 cases, including confirmed and probable cases were reported 5. In retrospect this was the start of the current ebola outbreak in west africa. Data for the 2014 global ebola outbeak announcements. Ebola virus disease evd is a severe, often fatal, viral disease. Now, in certain parts of africa, specifically the democratic republic of congo, ebola is an endemic disease, meaning that there are sporadic cases that occur every year. Anecdotal evidence suggests that much of the continuing infection of health care workers hcws with ebola virus during the current outbreak in sierra leone has occurred in settings other than ebola isolation units, and it is likely that some proportion of acquisition by hcws occurs outside the workplace. It was first discovered in 1976 close to the ebola river in the democratic republic of congo from which it gets its name. It was first discovered in 1976 close to the ebola river in the democratic republic of congo from which it.
Person to person ritual washing of ebola victims at funerals nosocomial transmission transmission from animals 4. Here, we propose a hypothesis of the evolutionary history of ebola virus which will be helpful to investigate the molecular evolution of these viruses. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ebola virus disease are discussed elsewhere. Airborne or fomite spread has not been seen in outbreaks. Common clinical featuressudden onset of fever, malaise, myalgia, diarrhoea. This village, located five kilometers from yambuku, was chosen for detailed analysis of disease transmission. This event was not identified as ebola and did not trigger any alarms at the time as it happened in a remote part of guinea and in a part of africa where ebola was not considered to be a risk. Using data from two epidemics in democratic republic of congo drc in 1995 and in uganda in 2000, we built a mathematical model for the spread of ebola haemorrhagic fever epidemics taking into account transmission in different epidemiological. Mar 10, 2015 ebola virus is the pathogen of evd, which is mainly endemic in west africa. The recent outbreak is the 26th and has seen more deaths than all other outbreaks from the disease combined. Please refer to brian rowes r package for scraping liberias sitreps contents. Ebola virus, a rna virus, was discovered in 1976 as zaire ebolavirus and currently is responsible for outbreak in the west africa.
Epidemiological features and trends of ebola virus disease in. Currently, there are evd outbreaks in several western african nations, including guinea, liberia, sierra leone and parts of nigeria. Ebola was first identified in 1976 near the ebola river in the country now known as. Ebola virus epidemiology, transmission, and evolution. An epidemiological analysis of ebola virus disease in west africa was performed based on 26 593 cases from march 2014 to may 2015. Ebola virus is the pathogen of evd, which is mainly endemic in west africa. Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976 near the ebola river in what is now the democratic republic of the congo. Ebola virus is characterized by high lethality, high infectivity, and lack of effective treatment or prophylaxis. The ebola carrier left monrovia, liberia sep 19 without symptoms and arrived in dallas, texas sep 20 without symptoms. The recent ebola virus outbreak in west africa occurred in five countries. In this study, 27 ebola virus strains with complete glycoprotein genes, including five species zaire, sudan, reston, tai forest, bundibugyo, were analysed. Introduction current outbreak of ebola virus ebov in west africa can be described as most severe public health emergency in modern times 1. The outbreak of ebola virus disease evd continues to spread through west africa.
Ebola virus disease evd, also called ebola haemorrhagic fever or simply ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by viruses of the family filoviridae 1, 2. The mucinliked region of the ebola virus envelope play a significant role in viral infection in nonhuman primates and. In comparison with earlier ebola outbreaks mortality have been higher 80 90 percent, but number of cases was a thousand times lower. Prior to the ongoing outbreak, ebola virus disease. Epidemiology extra credit paper hannah mikkalson 103014 ebola virus disease is defined as a disease contracted from ebola virus which starts with a fever, muscle pain, headaches and sore throat and eventually leads to diarrhea, rash, vomiting and decreased functioning of the kidneys and liver. The 202015 western african ebola virus disease evd epidemic, caused by the ebola virus ebov makona variant kuhn et al. The outbreak started in guinea and rapidly spread to liberia and sierra leone, claiming thousands of lives. Epidemiological features and trends of ebola virus disease.
As of dec 15, 2015, i will no longer be updating the data. Ebola virus disease, epidemiology, outbreak, virology, prophylaxis introduction ebola virus disease evd, formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever ehf, is an acute, severe and fatal disease in humans. Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to ebola virus, though 810 day. Ebola virus is named after a small river in zaire now the democratic republic of the congo, drc where the first evd outbreak occurred in 1976.
It was predicted that the ebola outbreak in west africa would end in june 2015. Zaire, sudan and cote divoire cause illness in humans. Ebov is one of the most virulent pathogens among the viral haemorrhagic fevers, and case fatality rates up to 90% have been reported. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and then spreads in the human population through humantohuman transmission. The exact source of ebola infections remains an open question, and. It was first identified in 1976 near the ebola river in the democratic republic of the.
Evd is a disease of humans and other nonhuman primates caused by ebola viruses, which was first discovered in 1976. Common clinical featuressudden onset of fever, malaise, myalgia, diarrhoea, hypotension and shock. Current outbreak is the largest in the history, since discovery of. Phe publications gateway number 2015463 pdf, 952kb, 7 pages this file may not be suitable for users of assistive. Mar 10, 2015 the outbreak of ebola virus disease evd continues to spread through west africa. Understanding the dynamics of ebola epidemics epidemiology. There is a critical need to define more precisely the. Epidemiology of epidemic ebola virus disease in conakry and. The carrier visited a hospital on sep 24 with symptoms. There was, however, evidence for ebola virus rna shed in semen and vaginal secretions for months 44, 52, although it was not possible to isolate virus. Kansas ebola preparedness and response plan version 9.
We describe the epidemiology of evd cases reported in guineas capital, conakry, and 4 surrounding prefectures coyah, dubreka, forecariah, and kindia, en. Ebola was first identified in 1976 near the ebola river in the country now known as the democratic republic of the congo. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease will be presented here, including knowledge that emerged during and after the west african epidemic of ebola virus disease. Early supportive care with rehydration, symptomatic treatment improves survival. Ebola virus epidemiology, transmission, and evolution during.
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