Salicylic acid, chemically known as 2hydroxy benzoic acid is one of a diverse group of. Despite over half a century of research, how plants biosynthesize sa remains unresolved. May 16, 2012 npr3 and npr4 are receptors for the immune signal salicylic acid in plants. Salicylic acid sa is an important phytohormone mediating both local and systemic defense responses in plants.
A salivary effector enables whitefly to feed on host plants. Biosynthesis and regulation of salicylic acid and nhydroxypipecolic acid in plant immunity weijie huang 1,3, yiran wang, xin li 2 and yuelin zhang 1department of botany, university of british columbia, vancouver, bc v6t 1z4, canada 2michael smith laboratories, university of british columbia, vancouver, bc v6t 1z4, canada 3these authors contributed equally to this. Salicylic acid in plant salinity stress signalling and. Salicylic acid allows cells of the epidermis to more readily slough off.
Salicylic acid has been shown to produce desquamation of the horny layer of skin while not effecting qualitative or quantitative changes in the structure of the viable epidermis. Responses of sa salicylic acid in plants salicylic acid applied on basil and mayoram stimulated the growth and oil yield by enhancing photosynthesis and nutrient uptake. Sa exists in the plant as free sa and as an inert glucose conjugate salicylic acid 2o. In fact, it is considered one of the most essential medical ingredients available. Sa also has specific effects on plant growth and development. The enhanced susceptibility extends even to hostpathogen combinations that would. Salicylic acid is involved in the basal resistance of tomato. It is a natural product of phenylpropanoid metabolism. Salicylic acid sa is an important signalling molecule in plant defenses against biotrophic pathogens.
Moreover, salicylic acid plays exclusive role in plant growth, thermogenesis, flower induction and uptake of ions. Salicylic acid fda prescribing information, side effects. Salicylic acid sa is a secondary metabolite produced by a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms including plants. It is also involved in several other processes such as heat production, flowering, and germination. Salicylic acid sa is a natural molecule that plays a crucial role in regulating several physiological processes and plant resistance to environmental stresses 31,32,33. The phytohormone salicylic acid sa is well known for its induction of pathogenesisrelated proteins and systemic acquired resistance. Since ancient times, salicylic acid has been in use by humans because of its therapeutic properties. Salicylic acid biosynthetic pathway in plants has two distinct pathways, the isochorismate ic pathway and the phenylalanine ammonialyase pal pathway. This disparity can be observed within members of the same family. Salicylic acid, senescence, and heterosis plant physiology. This acid sa is a phenol, ubiquitous in plants generating a significant impact on plant growth and development, photosynthesis, transpiration, ion uptake and transport and also.
Salicylic acid is the 2hydroxy derivative of benzoic acid having the following structure. How does the multifaceted plant hormone salicylic acid combat. Studies over the last two decades have shown that sa has important regulatory functions in plants. May 03, 2011 salicylic acid sa is a secondary metabolite produced by a wide range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms including plants. Salicylic acid, a white, crystalline solid that is used chiefly in the preparation of aspirin and other pharmaceutical products. Abstract several reactive oxygen species ros are continuously produced in plants as byproducts of aerobic metabolism. The free acid occurs naturally in small amounts in many plants, particularly the various species of spiraea. How does the multifaceted plant hormone salicylic acid. Sa has long been known to be a natural product of many plants.
A precursor, isochorismic acid, is formed in the chloroplast and then exported to the cytosol. Salicylic acid sa is an important signal molecule in plants. Pdf biosynthesis of salicylic acid in plants zuyu zheng. We investigated the effect of salicylic acid sa on plant resistance to environmental stress factors. A salivary effector enables whitefly to feed on host plants by eliciting salicylic acid signaling pathway hongxing xua, lixin qiana, xingwei wanga, ruoxuan shaoa, yue honga, shusheng liua, and xiaowei wanga,1. Chemically, it belongs to a group of phenolic compounds defined as substances that possess an aromatic ring bearing hydroxyl group or its functional derivative. Salicylic acidinduced abiotic stress tolerance and. Transgenic tobacco and arabidopsis thaliana expressing the bacterial enzyme salicylate hydroxylase cannot accumulate salicylic acid sa.
Npr3 and npr4 are receptors for the immune signal salicylic acid. Khan 1 1 department of botany, aligarh muslim university, aligarh, india. Salicylic acid a plant hormone by pansypaquette issuu. The lack of sa accumulation in the cevd or tswvinfected nahg tomato plants led to an early and dramatic disease phenotype, as. Salicylic acid also has a number of other functions in plants, such as stimulation of flowering in lemnaceae 810, inhibition of the biosynthesis of the plant hormone ethylene 11, regulation of stomatal closure 12 and root ion uptake. Two pathways of sa biosynthesis have been proposed in plants. Leeet at activation of the ba2h activity resulted in a significant increase in salevels in hydrogen peroxidetreated tobacco leaves j. Salicylic acid and its function in plant immunityf an. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. It has direct activity as an antiinflammatory agent and acts as a topical antibacterial agent due to its ability to promote exfoliation. The phytohormone salicylic acid sa helps plants respond to biological and physical stresses.
Pdf salicylic acid a plant hormone download ebook for free. Pbs3 and eps1 complete salicylic acid biosynthesis from. Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid that occurs as a natural compound in plants. Salicylic acid signalling in plants are summarized, in order to get a global picture about the mode of action of salicylic acid in plants, and about its interaction with other stresssignalling routes. Salicylic acid is a key ingredient in many skincare products for the treatment of acne, psoriasis, calluses, corns, keratosis pilaris, and warts. In thermogenic plants such as voodoo lilies, sa is the natural trigger of heat production by activating alternative respi ration, which volatilizes putridsmelling compounds that attract. This defect not only makes the plants unable to induce systemic acquired resistance, but also leads to increased susceptibility to viral, fungal, and bacterial pathogens. Indeed, people often fail to realize that many currently used drugs, including digitalis, quinine, taxol, the opiates codeine and morphine, and aspirin a synthetic derivative of salicylic acid sa are derived from plants. Manydifferent types of hydroxybenzoic acid conjugates have been found in a wide range of plant species 33. Salicylic acid is not the translocated signal responsible for inducing systemic acquired resistance but is required in signal transduction. Read salicylic acid a plant hormone online, read in mobile or kindle.
One important salicylic acid inducible regulatory gene that has been linked to the balance between growth and defense is tl1 binding transcription factor1 pajerowskamukhtar et al. Salicylic acid is a plant hormone that has been studied for over 200 years in various medical applications. Salicylic acid is a milder and safer treatment for mild to moderate acne vulgaris, with fewer side effects. Salicylic acid sa is a phenolic compound which, despite its broad distribution in plants, has basal levels differing widely among species, with up to 100fold differences having been recorded raskin et al. Jul 23, 20 salicylic acid a plant hormone download here. Salicylic acid targets protein phosphatase 2a to attenuate. It has many uses and applications in medicine and cosmetics. The biosynthesis of salicylic acid in potato plants1. Salicylic acid is involved in endogenous signaling, mediating in plant defense against pathogens. Salicylic acid induced abiotic stress tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants m. There, enzymatically produced isochorismate9glutamate spontaneously. Salicylic acid sa is a phenolic derivative, distributed in a wide range of plant species. Salicylic acid is a phenolic phytohormone and is found in plants with roles in plant growth and development, photosynthesis, transpiration, ion uptake and transport.
Salicylic acid sa and jasmonic acid ja are essential compounds in the pathogen and woundsignaling pathways accompanying induced expression of a we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. A rapid biosensorbased method for quantification of free. It works as an exfoliant and mostly acts against comedonal acne by slowing follicular shedding of cells thus preventing clogging. Because of its effect on skin cells, salicylic acid is used in several shampoos used to treat dandruff. Several reports of sas effects on processes ooh 9ooh salicylic acid acetylsalicylic acid ch20h cooh i salicylic acid p glucoside figure 1. Effects of salicylic acid on the bioproductivity of plants. Salicylic acid sa is a classical plant hormone traditionally connected with plant immunity, and its levels increase in response to pathogen attack. Salicylic acid is water soluble antioxidant compound which can also regulate plant growth. Depending on the nature of the ros species, some are highly toxic and rapidly detoxified by various cellular enzymatic and. Jun 30, 2015 salicylic acid induced abiotic stress tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants m. Salicylic acid is a plant growth regulator that increases plant bioproductivity. Klessig abstract salicylic acid sa is an important plant hormone that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development, as well as resistance to abiotic stress. A central role of salicylic acid in plant disease resistance.
Jun 30, 2015 phytohormones have been recognized as a strong tool for sustainably alleviating adverse effects of abiotic stresses in crop plants. The role of salicylic acid in plants exposed to heavy metals. Pdf the biosynthesis of salicylic acid in potato plants1. Publication date 2007 topics salicylic acid, plant hormones, growth plants, plants development publisher dordrecht. Salicylic acid, a multifaceted hormone to combat disease. Salicylic acid sa is a potent inducer of defense gene expression in plants, but how sa activates transcription has been controversial. Frontiers salicylic acidinduced abiotic stress tolerance. Isochorismate synthase is required to synthesize salicylic.
Salicylic acid sa is a very simple phenolic compound a c 7 h 6 o 3 compound composed of an aromatic ring, one carboxylic and a hydroxyl group and this simplicity contrasts with its high versatility and the involvement of sa in several plant processes either in optimal conditions or in plants facing environmental cues, including heavy metal hm stress. Widely available over the counter otc, they both help clear mild acne and prevent future breakouts. Salicylic acid is an odourless, colourless crystalline powder. Biosynthesis and regulation of salicylic acid and n.
Biochemical studies using isotope feeding have suggested that plants synthesize sa from cinnamate produced by the activity of. Silicon and salicylic acid confer highph stress tolerance. The significance of salicylic acid sa has been increasingly recognized in improved plant abiotic stresstolerance via samediated control of major plantmetabolic processes. Previous studies have suggested functional interplay of sa and et in defense responses, but precisely how these two hormones coregulate plant growth and development processes remains unclear. Salicylic acid which is a secondary plant product, performs important actions in the growth and development processes of plants. Isochorismatederived biosynthesis of the plant stress. Salicylic acid sa and ethylene et are important phytohormones that regulate numerous plant growth, development, and stress response processes. Depending on the nature of the ros species, some are highly toxic and rapidly detoxified by various cellular enzymatic. Salicylic acid from latin salix, willow tree is a lipophilic monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, and a beta hydroxy acid bha. Salicylic acid sa mediates plant defences against pathogens, accumulating in both infected and distal leaves in response to pathogen attack1,2,3,4,5. Mar 11, 2009 salicylic acid sa is an important signal molecule in plants. Npr3 and npr4 are receptors for the immune signal salicylic.
Biochemical studies using isotope feeding have suggested that plants synthesize sa from cinnamate produced by the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase pal. Publication date 2007 topics salicylic acid, plant hormones, growth plants, plants. Salicylic acid sa was first discovered as a major component in the extracts from salix willow whose bark from ancient time, was used as an antiinflammatory drug. Download salicylic acid a plant hormone ebook free in pdf and epub format. Antagonistic effect of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on. It is a potent signaling molecule in plants and is involved in eliciting responses to biotic and abiotic stresses krantev et al. Nov 29, 2001 salicylic acid sa mediates plant defences against pathogens, accumulating in both infected and distal leaves in response to pathogen attack1,2,3,4,5. The salicylic acidinducible alternative oxidase gene aox1 and genes encoding pathogenesisrelated proteins share regions of sequence similarity in their promoters. Experiments carried out with ornamental or horticultural plants in greenhouse conditions or in the open have clearly demonstrated that they respond to this compound.
1110 758 1412 510 191 317 1100 245 279 1303 710 22 342 1384 720 334 729 979 310 1055 425 1279 1449 71 1109 659 656 625 21 564 267 954 236 1055 255 519 606 823 1380 1170 1400 892 1424 1267 12 402 1162 1049 238